In chemical called liqor to those organic chemical compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH) in replacing a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a carbon atom. Besides this carbon must be saturated, ie must have only single bonds to two separate atoms, one that differentiates liqor-phenols. If containing several hydroxyl groups are called polyols (alcohol assessment).
Liqors have a wide range of uses in industry and science as solvents and fuels. Ethanol and methanol can be combusted in a cleaner than gasoline or diesel manner. By low toxicity and availability for non-polar substances dissolve, ethanol is often used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals, perfumes and flavorings such as vanilla vital. Liqors frequently serve as versatile intermediates in organic synthesis.
On the other hand, oxygen has two unshared pairs of electrons so that the hydroxyl could be protonated, although in practice this leads to a very weak base, so that for this process to occur, it is necessary to deal with an acid to liqor very strong. For chlorinated or brominated liqors, should take into account the following considerations. Primary liqor: primary liqors react very slowly. As can not form carbocations, activated primary liqor remains in solution until it is attacked by chloride ion. With a primary liqor, the reaction can take thirty minutes to several days. Secondary liqor: secondary liqors take less time, between 5 and 20 minutes, because side carbocations are less stable than tertiary.
Other compositions: may contain isopropyl liqor, is unfit to drink, but may be more effective for use as a drying. In organic chemistry, an liqor is an organic compound having one of carbons (the latter being tetrahedral) is bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). Ethanol (or ethyl liqor) in composition of liqoric beverages is a special case of liqor, but all liqors are not suitable for consumption. In particular, methanol is toxic and lethal in high doses. When liqor is the main function, simply replace the terminal vowel "e" of corresponding alkane by the suffix -ol and indicate the number of carbon atom to which the hydroxyl is attached, although at times when it is not necessary to description, this information is omitted.
Alternatively the conversion can be directly carried out using thionyl chloride (SOCl2) chloride. An liqor can also be converted to bromoalkane using hydrobromic acid or phosphorus tribromide (PBr3) or iodoalkane using red phosphorus and iodine to generate "in situ" the phosphorus triiodide. Methanol: There are several methods for oxidizing methanol to formaldehyde and / or formic acid, as Adkins-Peterson reaction.
When liqor is substituent group, the hydroxy prefix is used. The diol, triol, etc. Suffixes are used, depending on the amount of OH groups. Monoliqors alkanes derivatives corresponding to general formula CnH2n plus 1OH. The liqors are typically colorless liquids with characteristic odor, soluble in water in varying proportions and less dense than it. By increasing the molecular weight, increase their melting and boiling points and may be solid at room temperature (ie the pentaerititrol melts at 260 degrees C). Unlike those derived alkanes, the hydroxyl functional group allows the molecule soluble in water due to similarity of hydroxyl group with the water molecule and allows hydrogen bonding.
The solubility of molecule depends on the size and shape of alkyl chain, because as the alkyl chain is longer and more voluminous, the molecule will tend to be more like a hydrocarbon molecule and less water, so be higher solubility in apolar solvents and less polar solvents. Some liqors (mainly aromatic rings and polyhydric) have a higher density than water.
Dehydration of liqors is a chemical process consisting of transformation of an liqor to be an alkene by removal processes. To perform this procedure a mineral acid is used to extract the hydroxyl group (OH) from the liqor, generating a positive charge on the carbon which was extracted hydroxyl which has an electrical interaction with nearby electrons (by default, electrons a hydrogen in case of not having another substituent) to form a double bond in place.
Liqors have a wide range of uses in industry and science as solvents and fuels. Ethanol and methanol can be combusted in a cleaner than gasoline or diesel manner. By low toxicity and availability for non-polar substances dissolve, ethanol is often used as a solvent in pharmaceuticals, perfumes and flavorings such as vanilla vital. Liqors frequently serve as versatile intermediates in organic synthesis.
On the other hand, oxygen has two unshared pairs of electrons so that the hydroxyl could be protonated, although in practice this leads to a very weak base, so that for this process to occur, it is necessary to deal with an acid to liqor very strong. For chlorinated or brominated liqors, should take into account the following considerations. Primary liqor: primary liqors react very slowly. As can not form carbocations, activated primary liqor remains in solution until it is attacked by chloride ion. With a primary liqor, the reaction can take thirty minutes to several days. Secondary liqor: secondary liqors take less time, between 5 and 20 minutes, because side carbocations are less stable than tertiary.
Other compositions: may contain isopropyl liqor, is unfit to drink, but may be more effective for use as a drying. In organic chemistry, an liqor is an organic compound having one of carbons (the latter being tetrahedral) is bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH). Ethanol (or ethyl liqor) in composition of liqoric beverages is a special case of liqor, but all liqors are not suitable for consumption. In particular, methanol is toxic and lethal in high doses. When liqor is the main function, simply replace the terminal vowel "e" of corresponding alkane by the suffix -ol and indicate the number of carbon atom to which the hydroxyl is attached, although at times when it is not necessary to description, this information is omitted.
Alternatively the conversion can be directly carried out using thionyl chloride (SOCl2) chloride. An liqor can also be converted to bromoalkane using hydrobromic acid or phosphorus tribromide (PBr3) or iodoalkane using red phosphorus and iodine to generate "in situ" the phosphorus triiodide. Methanol: There are several methods for oxidizing methanol to formaldehyde and / or formic acid, as Adkins-Peterson reaction.
When liqor is substituent group, the hydroxy prefix is used. The diol, triol, etc. Suffixes are used, depending on the amount of OH groups. Monoliqors alkanes derivatives corresponding to general formula CnH2n plus 1OH. The liqors are typically colorless liquids with characteristic odor, soluble in water in varying proportions and less dense than it. By increasing the molecular weight, increase their melting and boiling points and may be solid at room temperature (ie the pentaerititrol melts at 260 degrees C). Unlike those derived alkanes, the hydroxyl functional group allows the molecule soluble in water due to similarity of hydroxyl group with the water molecule and allows hydrogen bonding.
The solubility of molecule depends on the size and shape of alkyl chain, because as the alkyl chain is longer and more voluminous, the molecule will tend to be more like a hydrocarbon molecule and less water, so be higher solubility in apolar solvents and less polar solvents. Some liqors (mainly aromatic rings and polyhydric) have a higher density than water.
Dehydration of liqors is a chemical process consisting of transformation of an liqor to be an alkene by removal processes. To perform this procedure a mineral acid is used to extract the hydroxyl group (OH) from the liqor, generating a positive charge on the carbon which was extracted hydroxyl which has an electrical interaction with nearby electrons (by default, electrons a hydrogen in case of not having another substituent) to form a double bond in place.
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